$19.87
3D model of the AT airship (heated LTA-gas version). The AT airship is an airship intented for (world) travellers; it is used similarly as an RV/camper. It can carry 2 people, aswell as 90 kg of cargo and 90 kg of ballast. The airship design is very small in comparison to most airships, and was made as light as possible, while also including some special features. Most notable features are: the use of a heated lighter-than-air (LTA) gas as lifting gas, and propellers that push the airship towards the ground (and propell the airship), rather than generating lift (and propell). The airship is continuously filled with a little too little LTA-gas (ie hot air) so that it continuously wishes to descend (lightly), hence requiring the burners to increase the temperature of the air in the balloon once and a while to generate lift and bring it to its starting altitude again. The propellers are non-rotatable; the propulsion is electric and has an integrated pedaling system for the recharging of the battery. A water tank functions as a battery management system, ballast and as a water source; a supporting floor is not present (a catwalk and seats are used instead), the propeller motors are used as a heat source, … The winches are still present to allow winching up people and for mooring, although they are no longer essential as this airship version can easily land (unlike the unheated airship version). See http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/AT_airship . The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$19.87
3D model of the AT airship (heated LTA-gas version). The AT airship is an airship intented for (world) travellers; it is used similarly as an RV/camper. It can carry 2 people, aswell as 90 kg of cargo and 90 kg of ballast. The airship design is very small in comparison to most airships, and was made as light as possible, while also including some special features. Most notable features are: the use of a heated lighter-than-air (LTA) gas as lifting gas, and propellers that push the airship towards the ground (and propell the airship), rather than generating lift (and propell). The airship is continuously filled with a little too little LTA-gas (ie hot air) so that it continuously wishes to descend (lightly), hence requiring the burners to increase the temperature of the air in the balloon once and a while to generate lift and bring it to its starting altitude again. The propellers are non-rotatable; the propulsion is electric and has an integrated pedaling system for the recharging of the battery. A water tank functions as a battery management system, ballast and as a water source; a supporting floor is not present (a catwalk and seats are used instead), the propeller motors are used as a heat source, … The winches are still present to allow winching up people and for mooring, although they are no longer essential as this airship version can easily land (unlike the unheated airship version). See http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/AT_airship . The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$46.37
3D model of the AT freight aircraft. As the name implies, the aircraft is intented for delivery of freight, and can be made manned or unmanned. The model presented shows only the manned version, the unmanned version would have the control stand outside of the aircraft rather than in the tail, and the ailerons, flaps, elevators, rudder are then controlled wirelessly (by means of an antenna). Radio repeaters could be placed along the path of the regular flight route, hence allowing radio control over (any) distance. The wing profile used is the Clark YH (see http://www.worldofkrauss.com/foils/175 ). The ailerons and flaps are controlled in both aircraft versions by means of a electric motor. The rudder and elevators are controlled manually using a wire in the manned version, in the unmanned version, they can be controlled by solenoids controlling the wires. The aircraft has 3 propellers, two of which (in the wing) are powered by a quasiturbine. The front propeller (on the fuselage) is powered by a (Beta-type) Stirling motor. The yellow round box in the model is an oil reservoir and transfers the oil (heated by the quasiturbine) to the hot side of the Stirling engine, hence increasing the energy efficiency (the entire assembly is 70% efficient). 2 fuel tanks are present, one on the top wing, the other on the bottom wing. The fuel is only drained from the top tank. However, when the fuel level drops to below a certain point, it is refilled using fuel from the bottom tank (this is done automatically, using a fuel pump). A special turbocompressor is also present, it is cooled using only oil, the heated oil is also used by the Stirling motor. The loading of the cargo is done via the nose. The nose (together with the front propeller) is removable. The pilot (with the manned version) has a seperate hatch to enter and leave the aircraft (ie in the event of an emergency). The landing gear can be lowered/heightened by means of a solenoid system. See http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/AT_freight_aircraft The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$33.12
3D model of the AT minivan (electric motor version). This motorized carriage has 4 wheel drive, tweels and an electric motor powered by a capacitor, in turn fed by electricity from a alternator/dynamo which is rotated using a IC motor. This minivan is thus not a true electric vehicle but a IC-EM hybrid vehicle. The AT minivan is a lightweight vehicle due to the absence of doors, seats, (heavy) conventional frame and coachwork. It is also very aerodynamic (given its size) due to the sloped front side, and the sloping of the shell at the front, redirecting air towards the ground using 2 pipes. It is controlled via a control pad, which controls a PCB which controls the brakes, main motor, back door motor. See also http://www.appropedia.org/Personal_ground_vehicle , electrically switched gearbox. http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/New_car_design The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia's AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team).
$19.87
3D model of the AT mobile shelter. The AT mobile shelter is a 3-wheeled trailer that can be towed (by a motorcycle or car) aswell as propelled by a person, through pedaling. It is inspired on Jacob Eichbaum's Ownless (see http://www.geotectura.com/gallery_xs ). It contains a potable water tank (for drinking, preparing meals, ...), a non-potable water tank (for washing hands, showering, ..., a small stove (for preparing meals and heating the non-potable water tank), a car battery (for storing power), a handcrank with dynamo (for generating power which is then stored in the battery), a mains electricity socket (for tapping power to store in the battery), an electric blanket (placed underneath the person), a bed (for sleeping) and a reading light.
The non-potable water tank is foreseen of a pump, to generate pressure in the tank so that the water flows out of the shower head. The water is allowed to pass once the valve is pressed in. The system is inspired on the duckworksbbs system (see http://www.duckworksbbs.com/gear/shower/ )
At the inlet and outlet taps, the hoses are connected to the (respectively) funnel and shower head. This is done using a tap-to-hose connector (see https://www.rona.ca/en/tap-to-hose-connector )
Rainwater can for example be used in the non-potable water tank. It can be attained from the roofs of buildings (via gutters). An alternative is to use (relatively clean) water from lakes, streams, ...
The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$33.12
Equipment used with the AT multipurpose clothing. Includes UMPC (communicates with the RFID transmitter in the persons body), satchell (which can be folded open), monocular, breast wallet, AT knife (on a reel), potassium permanganate, salt, tinder, ziploc bags, zigbee headset, AT watch (2 designs), ascender. The ascender is used for safety when climbing a rope. The ziploc bags can also be used to store (and gather) water. The 2 designs of the watch differ in the fact that the first design is recharged using a photovoltaic panel, and the second is recharged using a winch. Both use an EC battery to store the energy. See http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survival_wallet , http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Improved_UMPC_design , http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Linux_adaptations_for_UMPC_design .The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team).
$33.12
3D model of the AT police equipment. The equipment consists of a haubergeon, hand and leg guards, strong goggles, coif, doble baston (one set being 2 regular rubber sticks, the other set consisting of one rubber stick and one electric shock baton, a bag to store the bastons, handcuffs, a single action percussion cap revolver and a mortar.
The haubergeon is made using a rigid frame with movable parts (allowing the user to put the frame with mail on. The movable parts are secured using some rope. A frame was used to allow mass-production (as a set of sizes as S, M, L, XL, ... can be made fitting any person). Also, the use of the frame ensures that besides chain mail/woven mail (a combination is used in the model to reduce cost), other textiles can be fitted to the frame allowing protection even from bullets. See for example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_silk
The electric shock baton uses a regular transformer rather than a voltage amplifier circuit (see http://www.stunguninformation.com/Images/Stun-Gun-Diagram.gif )
The handcuffs are made as simple as possible and are made of a durable textile such as hemp, jute, ... Leather is preferably not used, since it is more prone to tearing, and is often also made using toxic chemicals, which may affect the skin. In addition, plant-based textiles also have a much lower carbon footprint than animal-based textiles (especially from animals as cows).
The revolver is made very simple and reliable. It was based on the howstuffworks animation (http://science.howstuffworks.com/revolver2.htm ) However, some changes were made making the mechanism single action rather than double action (as in the animation). The current design requires the hammer plate to be pulled back manually using the thumb; the second spring then engages locking it, and pulling the trigger unlocks it again, causing the hammer plate to knock on the
percussion cap, which in turn ignites the gunpowder. Also, a Minié ball was used rather than a simple ball, and simple 3-groove rifling was used in the barrel. The gunpowder and Minié ball is loaded via the front of the drum, and the percussion cap is inserted via the back of the drum.
The revolver is intented mostly as a lethal weapon, ie for use against wild animals, ... It is not intented for use against people; instead, for this less-lethal ranged weapons can be used (see the Hunting weapons model)
The mortar finally is intented not as a means to fire explosive projectiles, but rather for propelling projectiles with incapacitating agents. An other use is for firing ropes ie from vessels (ie for mooring, towing other vessels, MOB-procedure, ...) It uses compressed air. The compressed air tank is marked in purple, the compressor is marked in pink. The mortar is controlled by an operator sitting in seiza behind the control panel.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauberk, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskrima , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_weapon , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incapacitating_agent
The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$46.37
3D model of the AT single person aircraft. As the name implies, the aircraft is intented for the transportation of a single person. The wing profile used is the NACA 43012. Ailerons, rudder and eleavtor are controlled using wires. No flaps are present. The control is done manually using a control yoke and a lever to regulate the speed. Sensors are present to feed additional information to the pilot, however the airplane is not able to fly itself (no autopilot function). In the current model, no levers are present to regulate air/fuel mixture (depending on altitude). Wheel brakes are not foreseen, so taxying is impossible, the airplane needs to be pushed manually. The motor used is a Beta-type Stirling motor. It is heated by a burner running on a second-generation alcohol (for starting) and later-on on N20 (once the motor is hot enough). The motor is cooled by means of air. Heating and cooling is done independantly for (almost) each individual cylinder (3 valves for 4 cylinders). The valves (green objects in the model) are opened/closed by a PCB. The PCB opens and closes the valves by attaining information of a sensor that records the position of the bottom piston (power piston) of the first cylinder. Using this information, the system also immediatelly knows the position of the pistons of the other cylinders and knows which valves to close/open. The pilot has a lever to change from ethanol (or another alcohol, ie methanol or biobutanol) to N20, he can do so once he sees the motor temperature is high enough. In this model, no sparkplugs are foreseen, so the motor needs to be started by manually placing a flame near the fuel mouths. A next version could have sparkplugs fitted, and the motor on/off slider (present in this model) is then usable to engage/disengage the sparkplugs. A very light flywheel is present, used to make the engine run even a bit smoother. A basket clutch is also present, to allow to stop transferring power to the propellers while the engine is still on, this is useful to prevent the motor of turning the propellers untill it has reached full power (full power is necessairy for the airplane to be capable of taking off from a runway). The clutch is operated by a slider by the pilot, this is possible due to the use of a solenoid. A gearbox is also present in the model (brown box); this part is optional and if mounted, should be electrically operated. This allows the systems itself to select the appropriate gear, rather than having the pilot to need to select it. The power of the motor is then relayed to both propellers (both propellers always rotate at a same speed). The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$33.12
The AT traction engine is a traction engine (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine ), inspired by the "1902 Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd traction engine" and runs on 2 AC-electric engines. 2 motors are used (one for each track) to allow the vehicle to make turns (vehicle control). The vehicle is controlled with 2 levers. The AC-electric engines themselves are powered directly (on-demand) using several alternators connected to a internal combustion engine with Stirling engine. The internal combustion engine runs on wood chips (this is accomplished by using a wood gasifier connected to the motor).
Note that, once the vehicle has finished the trip to the agricultural field, the motor is placed on the ground (using the rail system and detachable floor plate). The controls are also detached from the vehicle and the vehicle is controlled remotely. The electric cables are still connected to the vehicle though, to allow vehicle control and to keep powering the AC electric engines.
The camera (the green box at the front) is used by the driver (manual control); it is pointed towards the ground and serves to view whether the vehicle drives correctly in its track. The screen is placed relatively low, and the driver can also look over it (so on-sight, without using a camera), to see the vehicle's relative position in the field.
The camera not used by the autopilot, the autopilot only has 1 measurement tool, namely a tool to count the revolutions of one of the wheels (and hence the distance travelled). The autopilot is only an additional feature, and the vehicle first needs to be set in it's starting position manually.
Note that at present, the motor may be too small, to fix this in practice, a cart can be pulled behind the vehicle. This cart can then be disconnected at the agricultural field.
The initial concept was conceived by the AT CAD Team; see http://www.appropedia.org/Traction_power The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) and The Hague (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=1756941379385058797957798&scoring=m ) for Appropedia's AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$46.37
3D model of the UAS (Unmanned aerial system). As the name implies, the aircraft is intented for:
* detection of living organisms (eg birds, mammals, ...) in order to find water sources. Water sources are always marked with a grouping of animals (who come here to drink or eat from the vegetation growing here). These sources may then be used to install a well for the planting of bushes (eg to combat desertification, ...)
* detection of diseased-struck crops and trees
* detection of threats in the vicinity of cities or moving towards cities (eg travelling bandits, armoured vehicles)
* possible gathering of information (remote sensing) on soil contents in order to fertilise efficiently (spot fertilisation). See [http://www.articlesbase.com/environment-articles/agriculture-crop-management-and-production-improved-by-satellite-remote-sensing-technology-and-geographic-information-systems-gis-463274.html this article] and [http://www.agrivision.net.au/variable-rate.php this article]
* possible immobilization of rogue vehicles en route to cities (eg trough a special lighweight spike stripe made of caltrops attached to a lightweight metal cable, canisters filled with KO gas (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_gas ), or even incendiary devices (see http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/june2007/imhv3.pdf ). The latter is only to be done however on vehicles, infrastructure when no people are in the vicinity
* spraying of disease-infested crops with biodegredable pesticides (e.g. lime sulfur, basalt rock dust, ...). Although not much pesticide can be carried, enough can be stored in tanks to allow spot spraying. Also, the UAS is automated and near zero-polluting, so several runs can be made. The wing profile used is the NACA 43012. Ailerons, rudder and elevator are controlled using wires. No flaps are present. The control is done manually via a remote control stand using a control yoke, pedals and a lever to regulate the speed. Sensors are present on the aircraft to feed additional information to the pilot (ie GPS, height, speed, xyz-stance, fuel level, ...), yet can not be used for an autopilot function (this is not present). Additional sensors can include Short Wave Infrared (SWIR), low-cost mine-clearing radiometry sensors (see http://www.mineclearing.com/ ), and Synthetic Aperture Radar (eg NanoSAR, µSAR, ...) Optionals could include [[w:Radar#Through-The-Wall_Radar_Systems]] (eg [http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~lmg/IETConf_ThroughWallRadar.pdf low-cost micro-Doppler radar], [http://www.gizmag.com/go/5032/ RadarScope], [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/ll-seeing-through-walls-1018.html MIT through the wall radar], ...), PF lens for the camera (see http://www.theinternetpatrol.com/x-ray-vision-becomes-a-reality-camera-lens-lets-you-see-through-clothes), [[w:Laser_designator]] or [http://defense-update.com/features/du-1-06/urban-c4i-7.htm other implementations] can be added to allow precise delivery of the spike strip, gas canisters on the road, [http://www.dcmilitary.com/stories/013108/tester_27998.shtml radio gradiometer] In the current model, no levers are present to regulate air/fuel mixture (depending on altitude). Wheel brakes are not foreseen, so taxying is impossible, the airplane needs to be pushed manually. The motor used is a Beta-type Stirling motor. It is heated by a burner running on ethanol (for starting) and later-on on N20 (once the motor is hot enough). The motor is cooled by means of air. Heating and cooling is done independantly for (almost) each individual cylinder (3 valves for 4 cylinders). The valves (green objects in the model) are opened/closed by a PCB. The PCB opens and closes the valves by attaining information of a sensor that records the position of the bottom piston (power piston) of the first cylinder. Using this information, the system also immediatelly knows the position of the pistons of the other cylinders and knows which valves to close/open. The pilot has a lever to change from ethanol to N20, he can do so once he sees the motor temperature is high enough. In this model, no sparkplugs are foreseen, so the motor needs to be started by manually placing a flame near the fuel mouths. A next version could have sparkplugs fitted, and the motor on/off slider (present in this model) is then usable to engage/disengage the sparkplugs. A very light flywheel is present, used to make the engine run even a bit smoother. A basket clutch is also present, to allow to stop transferring power to the propellers while the engine is still on, this is useful to prevent the motor of turning the propellers untill it has reached full power (full power is necessairy for the airplane to be capable of taking off from a runway). The clutch is operated by a slider by the pilot, this is possible due to the use of a solenoid. A gearbox is also present in the model (brown box); this part is optional and if mounted, should be electrically operated. This allows the systems itself to select the appropriate gear, rather than having the pilot to need to select it. The power of the motor is then relayed to both propellers (both propellers always rotate at a same speed). The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$33.12
3D model of the composting toilet tower. The composting toilet tower functions as a temporary storage building for feces, and allows it to allready start the transformation to compost (the substance falling on the sloped surface being feces, sawdust and plant leaves (the latter are used as "toilet paper"). The urine is discarded seperatly and can also be used on the agricultural fields, at another time (and diluted with water). The sloped surface allows easy removal of the feces into a waiting vehicle (ie dump truck, horse-drawn cart, ...) After transfer of the compost into the vehicle, it can be emptied on agricultural fields. This way, the nutrients in the human waste are effectively recycled, and the waste disposal system is low in cost, easy, and ecologic. A rotatable plate (yellow in model) allows to direct the compost into the vehicle better. A electric scoop (also yellow in model) automatically scoops the comlpost off the sloped surface. This is necessairy because, although the surface is sloped, it isn't sloped enough for the feces to automatically slide out of the building, and will generally "stick" to the sloped surface a bit. A simple elevator is included aswell, not to allow people to enter the building (these go up via the left ladder and out via the right ladder) but to move the plant leaves and sawdust up. See http://www.appropedia.org/Composting_toilet The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$19.87
3D model of the electrically shifted gearbox. The gearbox works by connecting one of the orange gears with the output shaft. The orange gears are already connected to a gear fixed on the layshaft, in turn connected to the input shaft, so the closing of the connection to the output shaft will relay the power to the wheels. The connecting is done by means of an electrically-powered internal cone, which, when triggered connects to the external cone. The shifting works as follows: * One of the buttons on the control panel is pressed * The switchboard, connected to this control panel, and with the battery, and 4 wires of which one pair always leads to the internal cone, creates a circuit where a current is passed to a internal cone/synchronizer sleeve. This creates a positive or a negative charge on the internal cone, making it being pulled towards the positive or negative magnet. There is also a sensor placed on the two internal cones, powered by the battery . And there is also a dotted circle on the outside of the nearby orange gear. This makes sure the attraction is initiated at exactly the right moment. The attracting is done in two steps, at first minor attraction occurs -> to slide the parts side-by-side, after which a rapid attraction is done. It should also be mentioned that the shafts are not made in metal, else they would be detrimental for the magnets. Finally, if the 1st shaft rotates the fastest, the internal cones are best put on the second axle
$46.37
3D model of a set of weapons intented for hunting and/or self-defense (non-lethal weapons, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal weapon). The weapons are a crossbow, compressed air rifle, recurve bow and rifled musket. All can be fitted with lethal (for hunting) and less-lethal ammunition (for either hunting or self-defense). For the crossbow, a tranquillizer dart, regular darts (with sharp tip) or knockout arrows (with blunt rubber arrow heads). The latter 2 types of ammunition are not shown in the model. The recurve bow too can be used with either regular arrows (with shapr tip) or arrows containing a blunt tip. Both the compressed air rifle and the rifled musked can be fitted with lead or metal minié balls (for hunting) or balls of a softer material (ie wood, wax, ...) for self-defense.
With the crossbow, a monocle is used as a sight, for carrying the crossbow on the back, it needs to be retracted. The 2 carrying straps are used for carrying it on the back (with the sight away from the back and with the bow itself nearest towards the ground). The crossbow has a tensioning system similar to a compound bow. A crank is also foreseen for tensioning the string before firing it with the trigger.
The compressed air rifle has projectiles inspired on the William Hale rocket, allowing the projectiles of maintaining their trajectory, even when fired from a smoothbore barrel (as which is the case here). The reloading happens by means of a winchester-style mechanism. The compressed air tank sits on the front of the weapon. The weapon is inspired by the Partisan Airgun, see http://www.beemans.net/images/RA-6--Austrian-Partisan-Det.jpg
The recurve bow was inspired by the Mongolian recurve bow (see http://www.recurvebowshop.com/mongol+recurve+bow.htm ) and is fitted with a arrow with a color sequence, to allow the shooter to assess the impact strength of the arrow (useful when firing non-lethal ammunition). Again, the string is tensioned by means of pulleys, similar to the system found in compound bows.
The rifle musket is based on the Cookson repeater (see http://media.vam.ac.uk/media/thira/collection_images/2006AM/2006AM1592.jpg ), yet has been given a conventional flintlock system, see http://www.howstuffworks.com/flintlock.htm The rifle musket has taken over the crank mechanism of the Cookson repeater/Lorenzoni pistol, making rather rapid reloading possible. A schematic is added in the model explaining the reloading process. The barrel has been rifled and Minié balls were used, allowing a range of 300 yards as compared to 100 yards range of a regular musket. The Minié ball used is a .577 caliber minié ball, the length of the rifle (barrel and full length) is the same as of the Pattern 1861 musketoon. The barrel is thus a 39 inch barrel with three grooves, with a 1:78 rifling twist (meaning 1 turn in 78 inches). A silencer has been added and the whole is made to resemble the De Lisle rifle more or less.
The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$59.62
3D model of the AT IC motor 1 (Diesel version). This motor is designed specifically for running on 2nd generation biofuels. 2 setups are shown. One of the models is fitted only with an internal combustion motor, the other is fitted with a internal combustion engine and an (alpha-type) Stirling motor (the efficiency of the first is about 30%, the other has a 70% efficiency). The first setup is intented for mobile applications (use in vehicles) whereas the second is intented for stationary applications. Note though that although Diesel engines can thus be used for mobile applications, the engine is still relatively heavy, 2nd generation (non-2++) biofuels still create air pollution and a Diesel engine only runs most efficiently at a specific speed/load, so if a engine for mobile applications is wanted that has 70% efficiency, the IC 2 motor (with Stirling engine) is best used. Alternatively, the IC 2 motor in a hybrid_electric setup may also be a good idea. Both IC_1_Diesel setups run on ethanol for starting and stopping, and on vegetable oil for general running (the bi-fuel system is needed as the engine first needs to be sufficiently hot before the viscous vegetable oil can be used). For the same reason, the fuel line between the vegetable oil tank and the engine is heated using electrical heater wires. Although electrical wires are generally not used for this (instead most systems rely on the heated coolant water), with the combined IC-Stirling setup, it does not create energy losses as the waste heat of the IC engine is allready used for the Stirling motor anyhow, so tapping into this waste heat for fuel line heating would create equally large losses, making the use of electrical wire heating equally efficient. Where the wire does not need to be heated; the diameter is enlarged, causing much less heat to be released (see http://www.engineeringexpert.net/Engineering-Expert-Witness-Blog/?p=3423 )
Note that no filter is present in the model. This is because a filter complicates the design considerably, and also forms a major bottleneck. As such, it is considered that the oil placed in the tank is allready very clean. A seperate filter unit can ratherbe used to filter the oil prior to introduction to the tank.
Regarding the differences between the Diesel engine assembly and the gasoline version assembly: first of all, there is no carburettor, in a Diesel engine. Instead, there is a governor which injects the fuel into the cylinders after that the cylinders have first been fueled with compressed air. The governor injects the fuel in the proper order (1-3-2-4), so no magneto is needed aswell. The reason why the compressed air is first introduced to the cylinder is because compressed air is hot, hence supplying the "spark" needed to combust the fuel/air mix. The compressed air is always introduced to the cylinders at full power (no waste gates are used after the turbocharger). The turbocharger is also fitted with a electrical starter motor to get it running even at engine startup (so even when there is no exhaust gas leaving the engine, normally powering the turbocharger). The use of the turbocharger (and the compression stroke of the piston) should be enough to combust the mixture, if it isn't then a additional air compressor (ie Roots blower) should be added.
It should also be noted that the governor is also capable of regulating the fuel amount injected to the cylinders. This is done trough the fuel rack, which is controlled by a carrier with flyweights, these being controlled by the rotation speed of the engine's axle. As the carrier moves up or down, it pushes or pulls oil into a chamber beneath it (using the pilot valve plunger), engaging the fuel rack, which rotates the sleeve on the jerk/helix pistons. See also http://www.splashmaritime.com.au/Marops/data/text/Med3tex/Engpropmed2.htm
There are also additional differences to the engine itself, ie ante-chambers are present (heated when cold at startup using glow plugs) and the Diesel engine version (compared to the gasoline engine version) only has 2 valves and 2 pipes connected to the cylinder, as opposed to 4 with the gasoline version. This is because more than 2 pipes/valves do not increase efficiency, but it does make the engine more complex/costly, so only 2 pipes/valves where used.
The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$59.62
Closeup model of the AT IC motor 1 (Diesel version). The AT IC 1 motor is a line motor, double-overhead cam motor, with 8 valves, and 4 cylinders (L4, DOHC, 8V). The model is fitted with 1 fuel tank, filled with a 2nd generation fuel (ie vegetable oil). The motor is also fitted with: a governor, a dynamo, a centrifugal pump, an oil pump (gear pump, see http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/report-gear_pump.html ), a simplified thermostat (see http://omgpham.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/car_thermostat.jpg ). Unlike the gasoline version of the IC motor 1, the Diesel version only has 8 valves (as mentioned above), aswell as only 2 pipes (1 inlet/1 outlet) connected to the cylinder, and a seperate fuel inlet. The fuel is introduced to the cylinder using 2 Ricardo chambers. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_injection. The Ricardo chambers are heated using glow plugs (1 glow plug per Ricardo chamber). See also http://tribes.tribe.net/dieselpower/photos/16db0cfc-f963-44d2-83b0-11982626fd24 and http://www.splashmaritime.com.au/Marops/data/text/Med3tex/Engpropmed2_files/image012.jpg For the firing sequence, see http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ignition-system.htm The oil pump pumps the oil around, ensuring suitable lubrication of the moving parts. Note that the cam rods, springs, ... and the buildup of the motor is designed in such a way that everything can be easily assembled/disassembled. The oil system used is a wet sump system. See http://www.carbibles.com/engineoil_bible_pg2.html The diaphragm pump for pumping the fuel is not essential, since the fuel is gravity-powered anyway (to before the governor, after it, the helix/jerk pumps take over). For details on the water circulation, see the IC_1_setups model and text, and http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cooling-system1.htm
$59.62
Closeup model of the AT IC motor 1 (gasoline version). The AT IC 1 motor is a line motor, double-overhead cam motor, with 16 valves, and 4 cylinders (L4, DOHC, 16V). The model is fitted with 2 fuel tanks, one with nitrous oxide, the other with ethanol. The nitrous oxide tank has a chamber filled with oil around it and heater coils, aswell as an air pipe that can distrubite cold to the oil. Depending on the ambient temperature, one of both may be activated to heat or cool the oil (and with it, the nitrous oxide inside the tank) to a temperature that is high enough to allow deflagration when it arrives at the combustion chamber. Nitrous oxide is said to deflagrate somewhere around 600° Fahrenheit (315°Celsius), so the 17 bar (5 bar + 12 bar from compression by piston) and the 1000°C should be enough to allow it to deflagrate. Do note that the nitrous oxide can only be used when the motor has warmed up, which means that the motor should first run a short while on ethanol. The motor is also fitted with: an SU-type carburetor (based on the SU HS6), a dynamo, a magneto ignition (which creates the spark at the spark plugs), a centrifugal pump, an oil pump (gear pump, see http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/report-gear_pump.html ), a simplified thermostat (see http://omgpham.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/car_thermostat.jpg ), and fuel injectors. For the firing sequence, see http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ignition-system.htm The oil pump pumps the oil around, ensuring suitable lubrication of the moving parts. Note that the cam rods, springs, ... and the buildup of the motor is designed in such a way that everything can be easily assembled/disassembled. The oil system used is a wet sump system. See http://www.carbibles.com/engineoil_bible_pg2.html The diaphragm pump for pumping the ethanol is not essential, since the ethanol fuel supply is gravity-powered anyway. The nitrous oxide is directly injected (direct injection/DI) using the fuel injectors. The air pipe connected to the carburetor is fitted with valves to allow regulating the air stream, just before the carburetor, an air meter is placed for precise measurement and automated control using a PCB. Before the branching of the manifold pipe into 4 pipes, another valve is present to regulate the air+gasoline flow into the combustion chambers. The valve can also be closed when the motor switches to nitrous oxide. For details on the water circulation, see the IC_1_setups model and text, and http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cooling-system1.htm The system was inspired on the nitrous-only design built by Trevor Langfield of NOSwizards.
$59.62
3D model of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) connected to an IC motor. The MEC can be used to generate either methane, hydrogen, or hydrogen peroxide and use this gas to run an internal combustion engine on. The type of gas generated depends on the substrate, microbes used, ...
The system was inspired on the cube design noted at http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/pdf/MFC_Making_Cube_010209.pdf. Two designs were made; one has a large removable container that also holds the sieve. This allows collecting a large amount of solid matter, which can also be easily removed. The other design has the sieve implemented in the inlet pipe (still removable though). This design is simpler, yet requires a very clean substrate. Both types are fitted with valves allowing the inlet and outlet pipes to be opened/closed, so that the full amount of gas can be released (batch-type feeding rather than flow-through). The valves are opened/closed depending on the measurements of the gas mixture (measured with a meter, this meter is a green part in the model). Also, the PCB can also regulate the opening/closing of holes in the top of the MEC. This may be needed for generating some gases or for generating a particular gas with different microbes (some microbes require some air to function). See also http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/ , www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/pdf/Handout_microbialfuelcells.pdf
The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team) and was released by the AT CAD Team to this CAD model library.
$33.12
3D model of the modular train (electric version). The modular train is a vehicle that is composed of a locomotive and railroad cars, themselves made up of modules that are suitable for driving on rails of any [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks#Gauge gauge], and for both trams or trains (the latter being generally heavier, note the different profile of the last rail -which is standard for trams-). When the vehicle arrives to the train station on the last section of rail (so before a different rail begins), people or cargo needs to be manually moved to a new modular train that is composed of different bogies and a different top section. Although in most cases 2 complete modular trains need to be present (one on each different type of rail), the components of both modular trains are the same which should make the trains much less costly to obtain. In some cases (e.g. in the case of changing from a wider to a smaller rail), it is however possible to simply move the entire top section of the railroad car unto the bogey of a wider rail (e.g. using a crane which attaches to the top rings of the railroad car's frame). Note thate although this approach is less economical than using some type of trains (which can run on 2 different rails of roughly the same gauge) on specific trajectories, it is much more versatile as by changing the entire bogey, rails of any gauge and type (train, tram, rack-and-pinion rail, ...) can be used. Also, besides the components (which are identical for all versions of the modular train and can be thus mass-produced cheaply), the vehicle is also made very light and simple in design.
The modular train (locomotive and railroad cars) consists of 3 major components:
* the top section (can be taken off using a crane by lifting it using the the rings). The frame of this (yellowish in the model) is attached securely to the middle section below it using large nuts/bolts (yellow in model)
* the middle section (basically a metal plate that attaches on the nuts/bolts of the suspension on the bogies
* the suspension of the bogies and the bogies themselves
The modular train is fitted with bogies of which the right and left wheels can spin at different speeds (which helps in taking bends). This is achieved using a single differential and the use of chains (a bit similar to the system shown at http://news.lugnet.com/technic/?n=15714 ) This is a major difference with conventional bogeys currently used in trains. The bogeys have a rigid frame (non-steerable, see http://www.railway-technical.com/whlbog.shtml ).
On the locomotive and railroad car's, a door is present at the back which is opened using a motor. The hatch is opened/closed using a lever in the locomotive.
The modular train can be used for the transport of both people and cargo.
Due to the ability of the vehicle to run on almost any type of rail, we can, in essence "connect" rails of different gauges and types together, hereby improving transport.
The electric version is fitted with a pantograph and a rectifier; the IC-version is fitted with a hybrid-electric motor (IC motor 2). In both versions, the motors powering the bogies are mounted inside the bogies and motors are present in both the locomotive bogies aswell as the railroad car's bogies. This improves the traction and the ability of the train to climb steep hills. On the bogies of the locomotive and railroad cars of both the EM and IC version of the modular train, electromagnetic brakes are present. Unlike (hydraulic or pneumatic; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_%28road_vehicle%29) disc brakes, electromagnetic brakes do not use rubber pads to slow down the rotation speed of the wheels, and are thus much safer. The electromagnetic brake system used here is a simple one that does not recover energy (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy_recovery_system ); however as train operators do not need often need to use brakes at all, a KERS seems to have little value anyway, so a simple electromagnetic brake was preferred.
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks#Rail, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_between_train_and_tram_rails, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail#Trams_operating_on_mainline_railways
See http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/Modular_train The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$33.12
3D model of the modular train (internal combustion motor version). The modular train is a vehicle that is composed of a locomotive and railroad cars, themselves made up of modules that are suitable for driving on rails of any [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks#Gauge gauge], and for both trams or trains (the latter being generally heavier, note the different profile of the last rail -which is standard for trams-). When the vehicle arrives to the train station on the last section of rail (so before a different rail begins), people or cargo needs to be manually moved to a new modular train that is composed of different bogies and a different top section. Although in most cases 2 complete modular trains need to be present (one on each different type of rail), the components of both modular trains are the same which should make the trains much less costly to obtain. In some cases (e.g. in the case of changing from a wider to a smaller rail), it is however possible to simply move the entire top section of the railroad car unto the bogey of a wider rail (e.g. using a crane which attaches to the top rings of the railroad car's frame). Note thate although this approach is less economical than using some type of trains (which can run on 2 different rails of roughly the same gauge) on specific trajectories, it is much more versatile as by changing the entire bogey, rails of any gauge and type (train, tram, rack-and-pinion rail, ...) can be used. Also, besides the components (which are identical for all versions of the modular train and can be thus mass-produced cheaply), the vehicle is also made very light and simple in design.
The modular train (locomotive and railroad cars) consists of 3 major components:
* the top section (can be taken off using a crane by lifting it using the the rings). The frame of this (yellowish in the model) is attached securely to the middle section below it using large nuts/bolts (yellow in model)
* the middle section (basically a metal plate that attaches on the nuts/bolts of the suspension on the bogies
* the suspension of the bogies and the bogies themselves
The modular train is fitted with bogies of which the right and left wheels can spin at different speeds (which helps in taking bends). This is achieved using a single differential and the use of chains (a bit similar to the system shown at http://news.lugnet.com/technic/?n=15714 ) This is a major difference with conventional bogeys currently used in trains. The bogeys have a rigid frame (non-steerable, see http://www.railway-technical.com/whlbog.shtml ).
On the locomotive and railroad car's, a door is present at the back which is opened using a motor. The hatch is opened/closed using a lever in the locomotive.
The modular train can be used for the transport of both people and cargo.
Due to the ability of the vehicle to run on almost any type of rail, we can, in essence "connect" rails of different gauges and types together, hereby improving transport.
The electric version is fitted with a pantograph and a rectifier; the IC-version is fitted with a hybrid-electric motor (IC motor 2). In both versions, the motors powering the bogies are mounted inside the bogies and motors are present in both the locomotive bogies aswell as the railroad car's bogies. This improves the traction and the ability of the train to climb steep hills. On the bogies of the locomotive and railroad cars of both the EM and IC version of the modular train, electromagnetic brakes are present. Unlike (hydraulic or pneumatic; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_%28road_vehicle%29) disc brakes, electromagnetic brakes do not use rubber pads to slow down the rotation speed of the wheels, and are thus much safer. The electromagnetic brake system used here is a simple one that does not recover energy (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy_recovery_system ); however as train operators do not need often need to use brakes at all, a KERS seems to have little value anyway, so a simple electromagnetic brake was preferred.
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks#Rail, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_between_train_and_tram_rails, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail#Trams_operating_on_mainline_railways
See http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/Modular_train The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$46.37
3D model of the open-design water heater and electricity system (ODWHES). The ODWHES is a domestic electricity system combined with a water heater. Two water heaters are shown in the model, one working on electricity, another working on a fuel (supplied from a fuel tank).
Both are designed so that the water quantity heated by either electric coils or the fuel burner is kept as low as possible. This is done by using a flow-through type heating installation. A tank is present to allow the use of solar heating. With the second setup (gas-fired heater) a small tank (80L) is present to allow waste heat (from the fumes) from the gas-fired burner to not be wasted. The water heated by the sun is implemented as a primary heating step, and the water heated by the sun will not yet be very warm. The flow-through heater is then used to get the temperature upto a high enough temperature for a variety of applications.
Note that an extra layer of insulation can be placed around the tank (preferably ecological/cradle to cradle); shattered glas, or gravel (both materials are heat resistant, more dense then air, absorb heat well).
An additional function that can be implemented is a timer on the water heater, to switch it off when no heated water needs to be available. This can be done by using a time switch and setting it to:
* disconnect power/extinguish the pilot flame at specific times of the week (ie if the family follows a specific routine, ie regarding bathing, ...)
OR by
* disconnecting power when the water in the tank falls below a certain temperature; this is useful if there's really good insulation present
Note that besides using a solar thermal collector, a soil or groundwater heat pump can also be used.
The domestic electricity system is a combination of a 3-phase, 230V, 50Hz system and a DC system. This combination allows the use of both DC appliances (ie LED/LEC lights), DC energy storage systems (ie electrochemical batteries) aswell as AC appliances. Both the private AC/DC power produced and the AC power consumed from the mains electricity grid is metered. More details on the system can be found at http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/ODWHES The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$59.62
3D model of a oxyhydrogen generation system connected to an IC motor. The oxyhydrogen generation system creates oxyhydrogen gas from water and uses this gas to run an internal combustion engine on. The system was inspired on the system designed by Bob Boyce, but minor simplifications were implemented. This includes: changing the gas pressure switch to a sensor and hooking it up directly to the printed circuit board (PCB) instead of using a relay, another improvement (done in the 3D model) is the use of 2 PCB's, one on DC-power, the other on AC-power. The parts in blue show the electrical parts; the parts drawn in green show the water supply and the red parts show the parts of the gas outlet
According to Patrick J. Kelly, normally, 10% efficiency is attained with electrolysis, yet with the Bob Boyce eletrolyzer, without resonance (brute-force electrolysis) one can attain 600-1000% more efficient energy use. In practice, this means that we attain 6 to 10X more energy output (as gas) than the power introduced to the electrolyzer (electricity). Given that the electrolyzer is 6X less efficient with the brute-force method, we should still have as much energy output (gas) as input (electricity), (6 to 10 divided by 6 is 1 to 1,6) . For mobile applications, that would mean that we actually just convert allready present electricity (ie in the battery). However,if we also calculate in the thermal energy recovery, we attain a number somewhere between 8,4 to 10X more energy output (as gas) with a Bob Boyce-electrolyzer with pulsed electrolysis, and 1,4 and 2,24 with brute-force electrolysis. So, even with brute-force electrolysis, we still double the duration (or power output) we could normally operate using the battery (ie when using the battery immediatelly hooked up to a electrical motor). Another (and perhaps more important advantage than the energy efficiency) is that, as the motor now runs on electricity as the primary energy source, we can also create extra energy at no expense. This is done using energy harvesters (ie wind turbines, PV-panels, ...) To recapitulate, the setup is hence very valuable for IC motor conversions as it allows to make the IC motor emissionless, it allows the use of "free energy" (energy made on-site using energy harvesters), finally, it increases energy efficiency, as much more gas can be produced than what it requires in electricity ((energy output is larger than input) What it doesn't allow though is efficient storage of power. This, as oxyhydrogen reverts to hydrogen after a while (after 1 to 2 days). This reduces energetic level by 400%. Even after 1-2 hours and compressed in a special-material tank and/or cooled, a good deal of the energy of the gas will have allready dissapated. So, with compression and/or cooling it's possible to store the HHO gas very temporarily, with some reduced energy efficiency. Any longer, and it's little beneficial to perform this operation.
References= http://pesn.com/2007/09/29/9500450_BobBoyce_Electrolizer_Plans/d9.pdf
The IC motor itself was improved to a large extent aswell, by replacing the original radiator for cooling with 2 oil tanks circulating the heated/cooled down oil. An Alpha-type stirling motor is added to also immediatelly generate electricity; making it a hybrid system, immediatelly improving efficiency by 40% (making it 70% efficient; IC-engine is 30% efficient). The cold pistons of the stirling motor are cooled by circulating water. The electricity generated can be returned to the net (via net metering). See also: http://www.appropedia.org/Alternative_ICE_fuel_generator, http://www.appropedia.org/Comparison_of_alternative_ICE_fuels, http://www.appropedia.org/ICE_fuel_conversion
$33.12
3D model of a remote operated telescope. The RO telescope can be used for observing the environment/wildlife, aswell as for stargazing. The telescope can rotate 360 degrees horizontally, and 180 degrees vertically. Due to the remote operation, the RO telescope uses a webcam behind the telescope itself. There are 2 versions of telescope; one mounted with a Schmidt-Casegrain telescope (large setup), another with a Keplerian telescope (small setup). The first system would use (only) digital zoom (and would thus also require a better image chip, …), the second uses optical zoom. The chip to be used (definitly for the first system, perhaps the second aswell) would be a digital SLR-chip; the image feed would be transferred via RGB, component, S-Video or HDMI) cable to a television screen (trough a PCB that can also be connected to the internet). The gimball to be used would be controlled by [http://www.bbastrodesigns.com/BBAstroDesigns.html BBAstroDesigns’ servo controller]. Night vision can also be added so that wildlife movement can also be followed at night (albeit at a more limited range). Types of wildlife appearing at night are different from those during the day, so this is a very intresting/worthwhile addition. Webcams can easily be converted for nightvision. All that is required is to not have an infrared filter on the webcam (and/or this needs to be removed) and to add infrared leds (or in our case a infrared leds floodlight). An additional microphone lastly would also be useful. The The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team) and was released by the AT CAD Team to this CAD model library by the AT CAD Team.
$19.87
3D model of the water-based freight transport system (WFTS). The water-based freight transport system is a system that transports freight using boats that do not have their own propulsion system. The boats (actually barges) are instead propelled using gravity (which is similar as how it is done with the Stevelduct, see http://stevelductie.nl/ ) on downwards canal sections, and using a Hallidie cable car system on slight upward slopes and flat canals (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system ). The Eppelsheimer bottom cable car gripper (see http://www.cable-car-guy.com/html/cchow.html#grip ) is used on the boats to grab the cable, which is circulated using a motorized roller. For major upward slopes, a variant of the Stevelduct's revolving elevator can also be used. This elevator is rather energy-efficient, as per rotation, 2 boats are loaded in opposing sides, leveling out the weight. The motor than rotates drum, moving up one boat and lowering another. It should be noted that the a canals are 1-way direction. Besides the cable gripper, there is also a rail gripper on the boat; this serves to keep the boat steady and perfectly straight. Both the cable gripper and the rail gripper can be moved upwards or downwards by gripper motor 1 and 2 -G1M and G2M- ; this allows the boat to follow a right or left bend within the canals. As such, the boat can travel to many destinations, rather than just 1 destination as with the Stevelduct.
Next, an explaination on how the onboard system exactly works: RFID antenna 2 serves to receive RFID signals from the gates with passive RFID, and from other barges. The barges continuously sent RFID signals using RFID antenna 1; when they approach a gate with passive RFID, the RFID signal is returned in a specific way. This tells the barge not only that it has arrived at an intersection, but also where he is (at which gate) along his trajectory. The PCB then searches on his on-board memory which turn he has to take (left or right) and then takes the correct turn by either connecting/disconnecting the cable gripper and lowering/heightening the rail gripper. The PCB is powered by the battery which is itself recharged using a solar panel, small windturbine or other power plant.
When the barges come too close to each other (and when there is thus a risk of collision), RFID antenna 2 detects the transmissions of RFID antenna 1 of the other barge. The PCB then orders to disconnect the Eppelsheimer gripper from the cable, slowing down and ultimately halt the vessel.
$19.87
3D model of a water treatment plant. Note that although conventional water treatment plants are very good in removing the major debris, sand, ... they are not very good in removing microbial organisms, nor filtering out toxic components (ie arsenic, ...). To remove the microbes, chlorination is used, or (more recently) UV-filters (which are allot more environmentally friendly). To remove toxic components, additional carbon filters need to be placed. Nevertheless, to make potable water, solar water distillation plants or reverse osmosis water treatment plants (to filter water from the sea) are more cost-effective solutions.
1: archimedean screws
2: coarse sieve
3: fine sieve
4: grit chamber
5: adding of alumium sulphate & lime
5: pre-settling basin
6: activated sludge basin
8: settling basin
9: filtering basin
10: chlorination
11: rotary screw sludge thickener
12: anaerobic digester
13: methane gas collection
References:
Main workings:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o4.htm , http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/Lesson1_print.htm
http://www.hhrestoration.net/images/water-processing.jpg
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/Lesson4_print.htm
Archimedean screw:
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/ApMech_img040.jpg
Grit chamber
http://smithandloveless.com/Products.aspx?CategoryUid=31&ProductUid=205
Pre-settling basin
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%206.htm
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/Lesson5_print.htm
http://open.jorum.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1015/Items/T210_1_section24.html
Activated sludge basin
http://www.thewatertreatments.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Aeration.jpg
http://www.flushgordon.info/wwtps.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge
Settling basin
http://open.jorum.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1015/Items/T210_1_section24.html
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%206.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sedimentation_tank.jpg
Filtering basin:
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/Lesson6_print.htm
Chlorination:
http://chlorination.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/chlorination-sewage-treatment.JPG
$33.12
3D model of the wood-fueled space heating system. The system is mostly designed for family houses. The wood-fueled space heating system is composed of a stove, directly connected to the piping conveying the water of the radiator (or rather "central heating") system. The piping hereby is directly attached to the boiler, meaning that the water flowing trough the central heating system directly flows into the boiler (rather than using a heat exchanger within the boiler). The stove hence acts as a auxiliiary heater to the water distribution system of the house and does not necessairly need to be always lit in order to provide hot water (hot water, ie for showering, kitchen use, ...) can thus always be attained by only having the water heater on the boiler activated. The stove however does need to be lit in order to heat the radiators. Also note that in the event that the house can be heated with the stove alone and the radiators are not required, the radiators can be manually shut off, by means of manual valves. Also note the extra PCB controlling the 2 electric valves and the pump (green in model). These allow the water to be circulated (the valves are opened by it when putting the PCB on). The speed of the pump can also be controlled. The whole of the PCB, valves and pump are called the "water circulation module" and is put in the on-stance by the user when the radiators need to operate (in this event, the valves on the radiator are opened aswell). Finally, the stove can be used to heat cooking pots (as shown in the model). Also, a very simple wood stove system is integrated. As marked at http://www.appropedia.org/File:Wood_fueled_space_heating_system.png , it consists of a secundairy air circulation which allows some air to pass trough the charcoal box (which consists of 2 sieves), hereby producing some wood gas that is ignited at the top (after passing trough a side compartment). The charcoal can be added to this charcoal box from leftover ash/charcoal in the firebox, ie after a previous burn.
In the event too little wood gas is produced (it is after all done using a secundairy air flow, and it is hence not a true wood gasifier), then electrical fans could be mounted about above the letter 3 shown in the image at http://www.appropedia.org/File:Wood_fueled_space_heating_system.png
Also, 2 valves are present on the stove (one in the chimney, the other at the air inlet). These allow controlling the burning of the wood as efficiently as possible. There is also a soot box mounted at the bottom of the chimney (marked in yellow). This allows collecting some filth from the gases flowing up the chimney and into the atmosphere. Also, a simple filter system is mounted in the top of chimney, consisting of clay balls, these allow to clean up the outgoing gases as good as possible. Alternatively, another medium rather than clay balls can be used aswell. See http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/Wood-fueled_space_heating_system The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)
$33.12
3D model of the water store with imbedded continuous filtering (WSwICF). The WSwICF is basically an ecological swimming pond that also filters the water (so that this may be used for other purposes aswell).
The water is circulated trough a porous stone layer (lava stones), planted with Iris pseudacorus for the main filtering. Besides this, extra plants (placed on the wooden stairs) also add oxygen to the water and also provide additional filtering, and provide shade for the fish. 3 types of fish are also present (not shown in the model).
The exact types of plants used on the 2 wooden stairs are Stratiotes aloides (first stair) and Nuphar lutea (second stair). Hydrocharis morsus-ranae floats freely in the center. Keep in mind though that depending on the location where the WSwICF is placed, other plants/fish will be used (organisms native to the region in question).
Also make sure that the plant pots are filled with a substrate (so that no nutrients get into the water; this will else allow algae, ... to grow in the water).
Also present in the model is the tanning seat, the deep water source cooling radiator system, and the fish hatchery and baffle box. Note that in the WSwICF, no baffle box is required, this is only required when the hatchery and the baffle box is used seperatly (ie directly in rivers, ...).
The deep water source cooling radiator is a simple system to cool rooms in houses in subtropical or tropical climates. See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling , http://www.appropedia.org/File:Deep_water_air_cooling_(pond).JPG , http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team/AT_settlement_water_distribution_system , http://www.appropedia.org/File:Fish_hatchery.png , http://www.appropedia.org/File:Baffle_box.png
The 3D model was made by Xayzer (see http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/search?uq=0638468642647248596253588&scoring=m) for Appropedia’s AT CAD Team (http://www.appropedia.org/AT_CAD_Team)